Oxygen saturation is the percent of hemoglobin present as oxyhemoglobin; it is measured directly with oximetry. Oxygen capacity is the maximal amount of oxygen that can be bound to hemoglobin.

In healthy individuals breathing room air at sea level, S_aO2 is between 96% and 98%. The maximum volume of oxygen which the blood can carry when fully saturated is termed the oxygen carrying capacity, which, with a normal haemoglobin concentration, is approximately 20 mL oxygen per 100 mL blood.

Also Known as: Arterial Blood Gases, ABGs, Arterial Blood Gas Analysis, Blood Gases

If the pH is in the normal range (7.35-7.45), use a pH of 7.40 as a cutoff point. In other words, a pH of 7.37 would be categorized as acidosis, and a pH of 7.42 would be categorized as alkalemia. Next, evaluate the respiratory and metabolic components of the ABG results, the PaCO2 and HCO3, respectively.

Why get tested :

• Assess lung function by measuring blood pH, oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
• to monitor the treatment of lung diseases
• to detect an acid-base imbalance in the blood, which may indicate a respiratory, metabolic, or kidney disorder
• to evaluate the effectiveness of oxygen therapy

When to get tested:

• When you have symptoms of a breathing problem such as shortness of breath, shortness of breath, or rapid breathing; when you are being treated for a lung disease
• when an acid-base imbalance is suspected
• Periodically when you have a condition causing acute or chronic oxygen shortage and are on oxygen therapy
• During certain surgeries to check the levels of O2 and CO2 in your blood

Normal Values

• Adult / child = 95 to 100%
• Old people = 95%
• Newborn = 40 to 90%

In the test measures:

• pH:
  The pH tells you if your patient is acidotic or alkalotic. It is a measurement of the acid content or hydrogen ions [H+] in the blood. Low pH indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (acidosis) while a high pH indicates a lower concentration of hydrogen ions (alkalosis).
• PCO2:
  The PaCO2 level is the respiratory component of the ABG. It is a measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood and is affected by CO2 removal in the lungs. A higher PaCO2 level indicates acidosis while a lower PaCO2 level indicates alkalosis
• Bicarbonate (HCO3):
  level is the metabolic component of the ABG. It is a measurement of the bicarbonate content of the blood and is affected by renal production of bicarbonate. A lower HCO3 – level indicates acidosis while a higher HCO3 – level indicates alkalosis.
• Total CO2 Contents (TCO2):
  Total carbon dioxide content (TCO2) measurement is the sum of the bicarbonate, carbonic acid, and dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) in plasma, serum or whole blood. In the peripheral venous blood this is used to assist in evaluating the pH status of the patient and to assist in evaluation of electrolytes.
• Standard Bicarbonate (SBC):
  SBC: standard bicarbonate Is the calculation of the plasma bicarbonate ion concentration after the blood has been equilibrated to a pCO2 of 40 mmHg. It is traditionally considered the reflection of a metabolic acid-base change.
• Base Excess:
  It is defined as the amount of acid required to restore a litre of blood to its normal pH at a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg. The base excess increases in metabolic alkalosis and decreases (or becomes more negative) in metabolic acidosis, but its utility in interpreting blood gas results is controversial.
• PO2:
  PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) reflects the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in the blood. It primarily measures the effectiveness of the lungs in pulling oxygen into the blood stream from the atmosphere. Elevated pO2 levels are associated with: Increased oxygen levels in the inhaled air.
• Oxygen saturation capacity:
  In healthy individuals breathing room air at sea level, S_aO2 is between 96% and 98%. The maximum volume of oxygen which the blood can carry when fully saturated is termed the oxygen carrying capacity, which, with a normal haemoglobin concentration, is approximately 20 mL oxygen per 100 mL blood.
• Base Excess – Extracellular fluid:
  It is defined as the amount of acid required to restore a litre of blood to its normal pH at a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg. The base excess increases in metabolic alkalosis and decreases (or becomes more negative) in metabolic acidosis, but its utility in interpreting blood gas results is controversial.
• Hemoglobin:
  Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Hemoglobin is made up of four protein molecules (globulin chains) that are connected together.

Oxygen saturation Decrease in:

• Inspired oxygen levels are diminished, such as at increased altitudes.
• Upper or middle airway obstruction exists (such as during an acute asthmatic attack)
• Significant alveolar lung disease exists, interfering with the free flow of oxygen across the alveolar membrane.

Oxygen saturation Increase in:

• Deep or rapid breathing occurs
• Inspired oxygen levels are increased, such as breathing from a 100% oxygen source

Normal Values:

Possible References Used

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