Acute Biphenotypic Leukemia

Acute biphenotypic leukemia (ABL), also known as mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL), is a rare and aggressive form of leukemia characterized by the presence of both myeloid and lymphoid features in the leukemia cells. It is considered a subtype of acute leukemia that does not fit neatly into the categories of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Do we know what causes it?

BAL can develop for no known reason, or after another cancer treatment.

Signs and symptoms:

BAL has similar symptoms to other types of leukemia, but they are usually more severe.

Symptoms caused by bone marrow damage

• Bruises, spots – the reason is the lack of platelets. is very common in BAL patients, most patients die due to
• A low level of red blood cells in the bloodstream – due to decreased hematopoietic function, blood transfusion therapy is needed
• Persistent fever, infection prolonged healing:
• Diffuse bleeding: which is dangerous and can lead to death.

Symptoms caused by the infiltration of blood cancer cells into the tissues:

• swollen lymph nodes
• joint pain
• swelling of the gums
• Enlarged liver and spleen
• Headache and vomiting: blood cancer infiltration in the performance of the central nervous system wear.
• Lumps on the skin: Because the appearance was slightly green, also known as the “Green Tumor”.
• Pericardial or pleural effusion

Risk factor’s:

Factors that may increase your risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) include:

• Growing age. The risk of acute myelogenous leukemia increases with age. Acute myelogenous leukemia is most common in adults 65 years of age and older.
• Your Sex. Men are more likely to develop acute myelogenous leukemia than women.
• Previous cancer treatment. People who have received certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be at higher risk of developing AML.
• Exposure to radiation. People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, are at increased risk of developing AML.
• Hazardous chemical exposure. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene, is linked to an increased risk of AML.
• Of smoking. AML is related to cigarette smoke, which contains benzene and other known cancer-causing chemicals.
• Other blood disorders. People who have had another blood disorder, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, or thrombocythemia, are at increased risk of developing AML.
• Genetic disorders. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of AML.

Diagnosis:

The initial laboratory workup of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) should include the following:

• Complete blood cell (CBC) count with differential
• Peripheral blood smear
• Comprehensive metabolic profile for baseline renal and liver function tests,
• Electrolyte levels
• Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
• Fibrinogen assay

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Possible References Used

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