Histopathology is a specialized agency of pathology that deals with the examination of the tissue sections microscopically in order to understand the disease manifestations. This is an essential field in the diagnosis of many illnesses including the malignant, infective and these manifesting chronic disorders. Pathologists also use histopathological techniques to help in systematic diagnosis by spotting unusual tissue changes and outlining their significance to the development and nature of the diseases.
These and many more questions will be answered in this blog, histopathology is defined, what it helps with in relation to diseases and in general its importance in today’s medicine.
What is Histopathology?
Histopathology is a method for analyzing tissue samples taken from patients by microscopically evaluating their cellular and tissue organization. The word arises from two root words, ‘histo’ which means tissue and ‘pathology’ which is the study of disease. This is important in practice as there are conditions such as tumors or infections or degenerative changes that are not visible through any other means of diagnosis.
Main Aims of Histopathological Practices
Diagnosing Diseases: Many diseases but cancers are primarily the example of tissue level diagnosis made possible through histopathology.
Assessment of Disease Progression: Evaluation of the extent of damage or abnormality in the tissue can help to predict how the disease is likely to progress.
Tracking: This refers to the use of histopathology after treatment to monitor the outcome of treatment or to assess response to treatment of patients, more so, those with cancer.
The Histopathology Process: From Biopsy to Diagnosis
Tissue Collection (Biopsy)
The histopathological process starts with obtaining a tissue sample through a biopsy. There are several types of biopsies, including:
- Needle Biopsy: A needle is inserted into the tissue to extract a small sample.
- Excisional Biopsy: A surgeon removes an entire lump or suspicious area of tissue.
- Endoscopic Biopsy: Tissue is collected using an endoscope during a procedure like a colonoscopy or bronchoscopy.
2. Tissue Processing
Following the biopsy, the sample is stabilized and made available for observation by the process of fixation. The fixative used most often in practice is formalin which helps to prevent tissue decomposition in order to maintain the architecture of the tissue. Paraffin wax is then used to encase the tissue so that thin sections may be cut for microscopic analysis.
3. Staining and Slide Preparation
After sectioning the specimen, the tissue is colored using biological stains like hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) to increase the differentiation of various cellular components. This staining assists the pathologist in examining healthy cells and unhealthy cells or tumor cells through a microscope.
4. Microscopic Examination
In addition to the colored tissue sections, the pathologist utilizes a microscope to examine the sections for any deviations in structures, shapes, and distribution of cells, or any sign of illness. All of the observations made are recorded in a comprehensive pathology report which is forwarded to the physician who requested the service in order to influence any treatment options available.
Common Conditions Diagnosed Through Histopathology
1. Cancer
For an accurate diagnosis of cancer, histopathology plays an essential role. The pathologists assess the presence of malignant characteristics such as the presence of atypical mitosis, abnormal morphology, and infiltration into adjacent structures. These histopathological reports also assist in assessing the grade and stage of the disease, which is fundamental when devising a treatment strategy.
2. Inflammatory Diseases
Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis are conditions characterized by the presence of chronic inflammation, which can be assessed using histopathological evaluations. The inclusion of inflammatory cells, changes in tissue structure, and other associated alterations can aid in confirming the diagnosis.
3. Infections
Histopathological examination of tissue specimens can identify the presence of a bacterial, viral, and fungal infection. For instance, a lung biopsy may show the evidence of tuberculosis infection, whereas a skin biopsy may demonstrate the presence of a fungal infection, for example, dermatophytosis.
4. Autoimmune Diseases
Pathological dysfunction of the immune system in conditions like lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hepatitis, etc. leads to damage of the body’s own tissues. Histopathological analysis is capable of illustrating immune cell infiltration patterns, extent of tissue destruction, and other hallmarks of autoimmune ailments.
Advancements in Histopathology
The field of histopathology has benefited from technological advancements, enhancing its diagnostic capabilities. Some of the most notable innovations include:
1. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
To visualize particular proteins in cells, IHC layer uses antibodies. This method is especially useful in some cancer types since it determines the presence of specific tumor markers useful for the administration of targeted therapeutics.
2. Digital Pathology
The digitization of pathology has altered the traditional method of using tissue slides when viewed on a microscope. Instead, tissue slides can be shared across the specialists’ barriers within a shorter time for a quicker diagnosis and for purposes concern of augmenting artificial intelligence in the process of abnormalities detection.
3. Molecular Pathology
It is possible to combine several molecular techniques including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), with histopathology to detect genetic abnormalities and molecular alterations in tissues. It is these very techniques that find special purpose in modern medicine; for instance, the concept of treatment based on the person’s genetic constitution.
